All phrasal verbs

to

/tu/9 verbs

The thing the action points at, sticks to, or is measured against.

TO rarely stands alone as the whole particle. It usually arrives as the third wordlook forward to, look up to, stand up to, wake up to, talk down to — where it attaches the object to a verb that already has a particle.

The trap with look forward to is grammatical, not phonetic: the TO here is a preposition, not an infinitive marker, so it is followed by a noun or an -ING form. “I look forward to meeting you” is correct; “to meet you” is not.

What it does to the sound

TO reduces to /tə/ in connected speech — never the full /tu/ of the standalone word. After a vowel it can flap: look up to it runs together as “loo-ku-də-dit”. Giving it a strong vowel is a reliable sign of reading rather than speaking.

What TO means

Attachment — stay fixed to something

You adhere to a plan, rule, choice or person.

Orientation — face something

The verb already has a particle; TO names who or what it is aimed at.

Awareness — come to realise

You finally turn toward a fact you had been ignoring.

wake up tocome to

Every verb that takes TO

The complete list — 9 of them. The section above groups the common ones by what TO is doing.

The particle TO — what it does to a verb